![]() The morphology type of the crystallite of cellulose most abundant after chemical regeneration was the CII (Celulose II) allomorphic. The new material, polypropylene hollow fiber grafted with nanocellulose, was developed and characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive System (EDS) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Differential Thermal (DTA) analysis. This modification improves the extractive properties of microporous membranes, including the sensitivity to fluctuations in the uptake steps. Reinforcing hollow polypropylene fibers with nanocellulose is a viable alternative for implementing miniaturized passive sampling devices (MPSDs) based on liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). Management practices that address adverse effects of pesticide use in rice fields include increased adoption of Integrated Pest Management principles and less toxic products. Innovations within the past few decades in rice production have increased pesticide use resulting in biodiversity losses in production areas and pollution of water resources. Because of the large area under rice cultivation worldwide, the volume of pesticides applied to rice fields is significant. ![]() Some of the chemicals are highly toxic to birds and associated with mortality several have the potential of causing adverse reproductive effects. In addition, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides and other pesticide types are used in rice cultivation. Cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides currently used in rice include carbofuran, monocrotophos, phorate, diazinon, fenthion, phosphamidon, methyl parathion and azinphos-methyl-many products known to cause acute poisoning in birds. Endosulfan and purified HCH (the gamma isomer lindane) are still in use. Historically, organochlorine pesticides known to be applied for pest management in rice cultivation included dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), toxaphene, endosulfan and sodium pentachlorophenate. The current review summarizes understanding of the use and consequences to birds of pesticide applications in rice habitats. ![]() Although use of rice habitats by waterbirds has been documented throughout the world, little information is available on potential risks as a result of chemicals used in rice cultivation. Use of rice (Oryza sativa) habitats by some waterbird species is considered essential to sustaining populations. This review provides an insight into the effects of pesticides, especially the effects of herbicides that are applied preharvest and provides a holistic view on approaches that can be used to decrease the use of such compounds in grain production systems.Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has increased as natural wetlands have declined. With health and environmental concerns over the use of pesticides in agriculture and new evidence suggesting that preharvest application of herbicides can impact grain quality and chemistry, especially if applied early, it is critical to re-evaluate the use of pesticides in grain production. Such effects need to be critically evaluated in order to elucidate how preharvest herbicide application interferes with biochemical pathways in plants. Additionally, relatively new agricultural practices like the preharvest application of herbicides in small grains can impact grain quality as well as the physicochemical properties of grain starch and proteins, depending on the dose and application time among other factors. ![]() There is mounting evidence that pesticide residue in food can lead to health concerns as well as environmental concerns. To this end, the objective of the review was to provide an overview of the issues concerning pesticide residue in grain-based food and discuss potential implications of preharvest herbicide application on grain quality and chemistry. Additionally, pesticides can affect biochemical pathways in affected plants as determined by their mode of action. The use of pesticides has been increasing over the years, and although the application of pesticides has some benefits, concerns over pesticide residue in food are increasing. ![]()
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